These associations are estimated in a reversed approach by counting the events of co-occurrence within large text corpora, and correcting them for individual word frequencies. When two words systematically appear spatio-temporally close together their association is strengthened. In general, semantic network models assume that the building and consolidation of semantic associations follows a Hebbian learning mechanism 13. 12 predicted the valence ratings of words by their association to a selected set of emotion labels taken from extant emotion theories. They showed that negative, but not positive valence induces false memory effects over and above those accounted for by the amount of associated words in the stimulus set. For example, Hofmann and Jacobs 11 found a correlation between the positive valence and the amount of associations of words. Recent findings suggest that valence decisions may be supported by associations in semantic networks. On the other hand, such large-scale studies usually circumvent the issue of how the social construct ‘valence’ is neuronally represented and accessed: The evaluation process itself mainly is neglected and the ‘How’ of valence judgments still lacks proper (neuro)-cognitive modelling and explanation 7. Databases like the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) 2 or the Berlin Affective Word List - Reloaded (BAWL-R) 9 are important tools for research on emotion and language 7. The valence of the items that are used in the above-mentioned experiments is usually determined by large-sample rating studies. High valence words show systematic processing differences at the behavioral, experiential, and neural levels compared to neutral ones 6, 7 and there are also differences in the processing of positive and negative words 8, 9, 10. Most dimensional emotion theories starting with Wundt 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 incorporate valence as the primal dimension together with a dimension for emotional activation or intensity (arousal). The outcome of a positive/negative evaluation, a valence judgment, is therefore of utmost importance and integral to many theories of emotion. A simple formula and useful basis for decision and action.
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